The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityDepartment of Aeronautical and Aviation Engineering

CHANGE THE SHAPE. FOLLOW THE CONSEQUENCE.

High-lift Devices & Configuration

Move the flap. Rebalance the aircraft. Watch lift capability, drag and tail load change together.

ONE CALCULATION · CONNECTED VIEWSA · AMBER   B · TURQUOISE

Drag to orbit · right-drag to pan · scroll to zoom. Flap rotation is prescribed; incidence shows the calculated trim demand. An unavailable lift margin means that this attitude is a required demand, not achieved attached-flow flight. The generic 12% section thickness is a visual aid; the lift model is thin-aerofoil based. A is amber; B is turquoise.

Required trim · check the lift-limit margin

At fixed speed and weight, the tail and wing must still close both force and pitching-moment balances.

Event timeline

Drag a B event · A stays fixed

Preparing calculation…

Whole-run summary · live values appear above

CAUSE → RESPONSE → COMPARISON

Follow the response

B · solid turquoise   A · dashed amber

Time plots share the playback cursor. Design sweeps and phase plots retain their own axes. In this prescribed deployment, a non-positive lift-limit margin marks unavailable trim. Drag and incidence remain required demands, not a post-stall prediction.

Compare A and B

Whole-run quantityA · savedB · liveB − AUnit

A snapshot includes parameter values and event times. Export retains both configurations and their calculated traces.

THE PHYSICS BEHIND THE RESPONSE

Read the model

Back to the experiment ↑

Follow each balance, then connect it to the response above. Open Symbols & units for the notation. A dot denotes a time derivative unless a non-dimensional time is stated.

01 / Shape changes lift

CL=a(α+α0+τδ)τ=π−θh+sin(θh)πa=2π1+2eAR

Flap deflection changes the zero-incidence lift. The finite-wing correction sets the lift-curve slope.

Symbols & units
α,δ
Incidence and flap deflection · rad internally
α0
Built-in lift offset · 2° (converted to radians)
τ,θh
Flap effectiveness and transformed hinge position
AR,e
Aspect ratio b²/S; span efficiency 0.8

02 / Close both trim balances

Lw+Lt=Wq∞ScCm−ltLt=0q∞=12ρV2

At fixed weight and speed, the wing and tail must satisfy force and pitching-moment equilibrium together.

Symbols & units
Lw,Lt,W
Wing lift, signed tail force and weight · N
q∞
Dynamic pressure · Pa
S,c
Wing area · m²; mean chord · m
lt,Cm
Tail arm · 5 m; pitching-moment coefficient

03 / Estimate the trimmed lift-limit speed

Vlim=2WρS(CL,max+cCmlt)

This estimate includes the tail load required by the same pitching-moment balance. A negative pitching-moment coefficient requires a downward tail force and increases the wing lift demand. The assumed maximum lift is not a measured stall boundary.

Symbols & units
Vlim
Trimmed lift-limit speed · m/s
CL,max
Prescribed wing lift limit · dimensionless
c,lt,Cm
Mean wing chord · m; tail arm · 5 m; signed pitching-moment coefficient
ρ
Air density at the selected altitude · kg/m³

04 / Follow flap deployment

δ(t)=δcmd(1−exp(−t−t0τδ))

After the event, the flap approaches its demand exponentially. Before the event it remains at zero deflection. Required trim is evaluated at each state; it is unavailable when the wing demand reaches or exceeds the declared lift limit.

Symbols & units
t0
Deployment event time · s
τδ
Deployment time constant · s
δcmd
Selected final flap demand · rad

Equations describe this bounded teaching model. Assumptions and source references are retained below. Internal calculations use SI units; controls and plots show their own labelled units.

Model limits & sources

Generic S = 24 m², b = 13 m, e = 0.8; tail area 5 m² and arm 5 m. Finite-wing lift-slope correction plus small-deflection, sealed-flap thin-aerofoil increments. CLmax = user clean limit + user flap gain × flap angle + 0.4 for the leading-edge device; the 0.4 increment is illustrative. CD0 = 0.025 + 0.000025δ² + 0.004 with slat + 0.018 with gear. No measured aircraft polar, runway calculation, flap asymmetry, slot flow or post-stall dynamics. Time history is quasi-steady trim, not a flight trajectory.

NACA Report 721 · Plain-flap theory and data ↗NACA Report 938 · High-lift devices ↗

Numerical checks test the stated equations. They do not establish aircraft certification or experimental accuracy. Schematic flow markers indicate direction; their speed is illustrative. No manufacturer geometry or performance data is reproduced. Version: coupled-labs-v1.1.

Continue the connection