Accessed: 23 October 2026 UTC. These are primary university/NASA teaching sources. The lab's diagrams, application and verification code are original; third-party figures have not been copied.
| Source | Location | Use and boundary |
|---|---|---|
| MIT OpenCourseWare, Unified Engineering, F17 lecture notes | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-01-unified-engineering-i-ii-iii-iv-fall-2005-spring-2006/c2e21b852c5f2c8ece213976c2d4d6f8_f17.pdf | PDF pp. 1–2: uniform flow and sources; p. 3: singularity limitation and superposition; p. 4: source–sink pair and doublet; pp. 5–6: cylinder boundary and pressure. Supports governing relationships, not experimental validation. |
| MIT, 13.021 Marine Hydrodynamics, Lecture 10 | https://web.mit.edu/fluids-modules/www/potential_flows/LecturesHTML/lec1011/lecture1011.html | Topic map for potential-flow boundary conditions, linear superposition, vortex circulation, source/sink combinations and ideal force. Reinforces that boundary conditions are essential; an arbitrary drawn curve is not automatically a body. |
| NASA Glenn Research Center, Ideal Lift of a Spinning Ball | https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/ideal-lift-of-a-spinning-ball/ | The cylinder lift-per-unit-length discussion and Analysis section motivate the link between circulation, pressure and ideal lift, together with omitted viscous physics. The lab does not adopt a cylinder-spin-to-circulation law and does not model a ball. |
Sign convention
Published circulation signs can differ. This implementation explicitly defines Γ positive anticlockwise in an x-right/y-up plane; positive lift is left-normal to the uniform stream. Therefore L′ = −ρU∞Γ. The sign is also independently checked by numerical integration of cylinder surface pressure.
Verification evidence
verification.json is generated from verify.js. Tests compare analytic identities, conservation integrals and known trajectories independently of the canvas rendering. No empirical data set has been used, and no physical validation claim is made.
Rights and reproducibility
Only source links and short original descriptions are presented. No source PDFs or illustrations are redistributed with this module. Site logos are reused from the existing authorised institutional assets. The browser lab uses no third-party model or image-download service.